Section 61
Alteration Or Scratching And Erasing In The Bill Of Exchange
If alteration or scratching and erasing has been made in the Negotiable Instrument except any material alteration or scratching and erasing has been made in the Negotiable Instrument by the main parties thereon with unanimous intention, all other prior parties except the party who gave consent to such alteration or scratching and erasing shall be discharged from the liability.
Explanation: “Alteration or scratching and erasing” means the functions of alteration or scratching and erasing in a way that another
meaning in the Negotiable Instrument to be given or the appearance of the Negotiable Instrument to be changed or the liability of the
concerned parties to be changed.
Explanation: “Alteration or scratching and erasing” means the functions of alteration or scratching and erasing in a way that another
meaning in the Negotiable Instrument to be given or the appearance of the Negotiable Instrument to be changed or the liability of the
concerned parties to be changed.
Negotiable Instruments Act, 2034 (1977)
Chapter - 2
Section 3: Ambiguous Negotiable InstrumentSection 4: Rights Of The HolderSection 5: Negotiable Instrument Without Payment DateSection 6: Difference Between Figure And LetterSection 7: The Additional Time LimitSection 8: Payment After The Specified PeriodSection 9: Calculation Of The Date Of MaturitySection 10: When Day Of Maturity Is A HolidaySection 11: Capacity Of PartiesSection 12: AgentSection 13: Liability Of An AgentSection 14: Liability Of An HeirSection 15: Liability Of DrawerSection 16: Liability Of The Bank Giving Payment Of The ChequeSection 17: Liability Of Maker Of Promisory Note And Acceptor Of Bill OfexchangeSection 18: Person Capable To Accept The Bill Of ExchangeSection 19: Liability Of EndorserSection 20: Liability Of The Parties To Holder In Due CourseSection 21: To Be Equivalent To Principal DebtorSection 22: Prior Party To Be Equivalent To Principal Debtor In Respect Of Eachsubsequent PartySection 23: Liability Of SuretySection 24: Discharge Of Endorser’s LiabilitySection 25: Bound To Be ResponsibleSection 26: Negotiable Instrument Without ConsiderationSection 27: Duplicate To Be Given
Chapter - 2
Section 3: Ambiguous Negotiable InstrumentSection 4: Rights Of The HolderSection 5: Negotiable Instrument Without Payment DateSection 6: Difference Between Figure And LetterSection 7: The Additional Time LimitSection 8: Payment After The Specified PeriodSection 9: Calculation Of The Date Of MaturitySection 10: When Day Of Maturity Is A HolidaySection 11: Capacity Of PartiesSection 12: AgentSection 13: Liability Of An AgentSection 14: Liability Of An HeirSection 15: Liability Of DrawerSection 16: Liability Of The Bank Giving Payment Of The ChequeSection 17: Liability Of Maker Of Promisory Note And Acceptor Of Bill OfexchangeSection 18: Person Capable To Accept The Bill Of ExchangeSection 19: Liability Of EndorserSection 20: Liability Of The Parties To Holder In Due CourseSection 21: To Be Equivalent To Principal DebtorSection 22: Prior Party To Be Equivalent To Principal Debtor In Respect Of Eachsubsequent PartySection 23: Liability Of SuretySection 24: Discharge Of Endorser’s LiabilitySection 25: Bound To Be ResponsibleSection 26: Negotiable Instrument Without ConsiderationSection 27: Duplicate To Be Given
Chapter - 3
Section 28: DeliverySection 29: Negotiation By DeliverySection 30: Effect Of IndorsementSection 31: Change Of IndorsementSection 32: Restriction Can Be Imposed To IndorseSection 33: Holder Deriving Title From Holder In Due CourseSection 34: Endorsement Or Negotiation Can Be DoneSection 35: Endorsement Can Be Done Whithout Persisting LiabilitySection 36: Indorsement For Part Of Sum DueSection 37: Negotiation By The HeirSection 38: Negotiable Instrument Obtained By Unlawful MeansSection 39: Negotiable Instrument Acquired After Dishonour Or When Overdue
Chapter - 4
Section 40: Presentment For AcceptanceSection 41: Drawee To Have TimeSection 42: Presentment Of Promissory NoteSection 43: Presentment For PaymentSection 44: Negotiable Instrument Payable At Specified PlaceSection 45: Negotiable Instrument Without Mentioning Place Of PaymentSection 46: In Case The Place Of Business Or Residence Is Not FixedSection 47: Presentment Of Cheque To Charge DrawerSection 48: Excuse For Delay In PresentmentSection 49: To Be Presented Within A Reasonable TimeSection 50: Presentment May Be Made To The Agent Of HeirSection 51: Situation To Be Arised When Presentment Is Not Made For ThepaymentSection 52: Compensation To Be Given For Negligence Or Mistake
Chapter - 5
Section 53: PaymentSection 54: InterestSection 55: Negotiable Instrument To Be Delivered On PaymentSection 56: Discharge From LiabilitySection 57: Discharge From The Liability By Allowing Additional TimeSection 58: Discharge From Liability Of Cheque Payable To The Bearer Orordered PersonSection 59: Discharge From Liability Of Payment Of DraftSection 60: Acceptance With ConditionsSection 61: Alteration Or Scratching And Erasing In The Bill Of ExchangeSection 62: Payment Of Negotiable Instrument On Which Scratching Anderasing Or Alteration Is Not ApparentSection 63: All Parties To Be Discharged From The Liability
Chapter - 6
Section 64: Dishonour By Non-acceptanceSection 65: Dishonour By Non-paymentSection 66: Notice Of DishonourSection 67: Mode In Which Notice May Be GivenSection 68: The Agent To Have Time To Give Notice Of DishonourSection 69: When Party To Whom Notice Given Is DeadSection 70: When Notice Of Dishonour Is UnnecessarySection 71: The Facts Of Dishonour Can Be Caused To Be Noted By NotarypublicSection 72: The Facts Of Dishonour May Be Taken By Certifying ItSection 73: Protest For Additional SecuritySection 74: Contents Of ProtestSection 75: Notice Of ProtestSection 76: Protest For Non-payment After Dishonour By Non-acceptanceSection 77: Protest Of Foreign Bills Of Exchange
Chapter - 8
Section 81: General Crossed ChequeSection 82: Special Crossed ChequeSection 83: Crossing After IssueSection 84: Payment Of Crossed ChequeSection 85: Payment Of A Cheque Bearing “account Payee”Section 86: Payment Of Cheque Crossed Specially More Than OnceSection 87: Payment In Due Course Of Crossed ChequeSection 88: Payment Of Crossed Cheque Out Of Due CourseSection 89: Cheque Bearing “not Negotiable”Section 90: Non-liability Of Banker Receiving Payment Of ChequeSection 91: Application Of This Chapter To Drafts
Chapter - 9
Section 92: Acceptance For HonourSection 93: How Acceptance For Honour Must Be MadeSection 94: Liability Of Acceptor For HonourSection 95: Payment For HonourSection 96: Alternative Drawee In Case Of NeedSection 97: Acceptance And Payment Without ProtestSection 98: Sets Of Bills Of ExchangeSection 99: Provisions Relating To The Foreign Negotiable InstrumentSection 100: Law Of The Country Of Payment Governs DishonourSection 101: Validity Of Bill Of Exchange Made Or Drawn In Foreign CountrySection 102: Presumption As To Foreign LawSection 103: Special Provisions Relating To The EvidenceSection 104: Estoppel Against Denying Capacity Of Payee To IndorseSection 105: Estoppel Against Denying Signature Or Capacity Of Prior PartySection 106: Appointment Of The Notary PublicSection 107: Determination Of CompensationSection 108: Limitation